1.	Common guillemots (Uria aalge) are large sea birds of the auk family. They breed in colonies at high densities but make no nest. Their single egg is incubated on bare rock. Alloparenting behaviour is frequently observed, where non-breeding birds will take care of other chicks. Scientists fitted electronic time-depth recorders onto twelve common guillemots and recorded five different activities during the chick-rearing period: at the colony, in flight, resting or active on the sea surface and diving. The pie charts below include pooled data from all birds showing overall time budget and time budget at sea.

[Source: The Journal of Experimental Biology: jeb@biologists.org.]
 
(a)	State which activity takes up least of the overall time budget of the guillemots.
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(1)

(b)	Calculate the percentage of the overall time budget the guillemots spend resting on the sea surface.

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(1)
 
(c)	Outline the activity of guillemots at sea.
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(2)
 
(d)	Suggest two reasons, other than breeding, why birds spend more time at the colony than any other activity.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

2.	(a)	Define the term reflex.
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(1)

(b)	Draw a labelled diagram of a reflex arc for a pain withdrawal reflex.

(3)
 
(c)	Outline Pavlov’s experiments into conditioning in dogs.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

3.	(a)	Explain the effects of psychoactive drugs on synaptic transmission.
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(3)

(b)	Suggest an experimental design that could be used to investigate either taxis or kinesis in an invertebrate.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)

4.	(a)	State one example of an excitatory and one example of an inhibitory psychoactive drug.
Excitatory: ..................................................................................................................
Inhibitory: ...................................................................................................................
(2)
 
(b)	Explain the effects of cocaine on the brain.
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(3)

(c)	Discuss causes of addiction.
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)

5.	(a)	Define the term stimulus.
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(1)
 
(b)	Outline the functions of the following parts of the brain.
(i)	Medulla oblongata:
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(1)
 
(ii)	Hypothalamus:
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(1)
 
(c)	Explain the effects of psychoactive drugs on synaptic transmission.
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(3)
 
(d)	Outline how endorphins act as painkillers.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)

6.	Explain how sound is perceived by the ear.
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(Total 6 marks)

7.	Discuss the prion hypothesis for the cause of spongiform encephalopathies.
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(Total 6 marks)

8.	(a)	Identify the parts of the brain indicated on the diagram below.

[Source: Patrick J Lynch, medical illustrator; C Carl Jaffe, MD, cardiologist]
(2)
 
(b)	Outline the unconscious control of the heart rate.
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(3)

(c)	Describe different aspects of the processing of visual stimuli.
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)

9.	Explain the effects of cocaine in terms of its action at synapses in the brain and its social consequences.
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(Total 6 marks)

10.	(a)	Define reflex.
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(1)

(b)	Below is a diagram of a relex arc for a pain withdrawal reflex.

(i)	Label the parts indicated by the letters I–IV.
I. .......................................................................................................................
II. ......................................................................................................................
III. .....................................................................................................................
IV. .....................................................................................................................
(2)
 
(ii)	Explain the role of parts I and II in a pain withdrawal reflex.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)

11.	(a)	(i)	State the type of receptor cells that detect sound.
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(1)
 
(ii)	State an example of these receptors in humans.
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(1)
 
(b)	Outline the role of inheritance and learning in the development of birdsong in young birds.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)

12.	Explain the effects of cocaine in terms of action at synapses in the brain.
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(Total 2 marks)

13.	Drug abuse and alcohol abuse are neurobehavioural disorders of complex origin. A human gene has been identified that encodes the main enzyme (FAAH) for inactivating cannabinoid (THC). A mutation in this gene can occur and the homozygous mutation allows normal catalytic activity of FAAH but makes the FAAH more likely to be broken down. A study was conducted to test for the presence of the homozygous FAAH mutation in relation to drug and alcohol abuse. Four different groups were formed based on their use of drugs and alcohol.

	[Adapted from Sipe, J C et al. 2002. PNAS. Pp 8394–8399. Copyright 2002 National Academy of Sciences, USA.]
 
(a)	Identify the percentage of homozygotes among drug users only.
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(1)
 
(b)	Calculate the actual number of homozygotes in group 2.
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(2)

(c)	Evaluate the evidence to support the hypothesis that the presence of the homozygous mutation is a risk factor in drug and alcohol use.
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(3)
 
(d)	Suggest a reason for the high incidence of homozygotes among drug and alcohol users.
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)

14.	(a)	List two groups of sensory receptors, giving the stimulus each perceives.
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(2)

(b)	Explain the processing of visual stimuli.
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(4)
(Total 6 marks)

15.	(a)	Distinguish, using examples, between innate behaviour and learned behaviour.
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(3)

(b)	Using two examples, discuss how the process of learning can improve survival.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)

16.	(a)	The diagram below represents the human eye. State the names of structures I, II, III and IV.

I. ..................................................................................................................................
II. .................................................................................................................................
III. ................................................................................................................................
IV. ................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)	Outline contralateral processing of visual stimuli.
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(3)
 
(c)	Cocaine is considered an excitatory drug. State one other example of an excitatory drug and one example of an inhibitory drug.
Excitatory drug: ..........................................................................................................
Inhibitory drug: ...........................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

17.	Discuss the concept of brain death and how it can be diagnosed.
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(Total 6 marks)

18.	(a)	(i)	Label the cell type indicated on the diagram below depicting part of the retina.

(1)

(ii)	Explain contralateral processing of visual stimuli.
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(2)
 
(b)	Outline an example of the effect of natural selection on animal responses.
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(c)	Using a named example, outline a rhythmical behaviour pattern with an adaptive value.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)

19.	Explain sympathetic and parasympathetic control of blood flow to the gut.
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(Total 6 marks)

20.	(a)	Outline Pavlov’s experiments into the conditioning of dogs.
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(3)
 
(b)	Outline how sound stimuli are detected in the ear.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)

21.	Corals can be male, female or hermaphrodite (both male and female) and the release of their gametes is called spawning. Data was collected to study the spawning behaviour in the Gulf of Mexico of three genera of coral: Montastraea, Stephanocoenia and Diploria.
	The spawning behaviour is expressed in minutes post-sunset. Peak spawning windows are shown as grey bars () and the range as black bars ().

	[Source: adapted from P D Vize, J A Embesi, M Nickell, D P Brown and D K Hagman. 2005. “Tight temporal consistency of coral mass spawning at the Flower Garden Banks, Gulf of Mexico, from 1997–2003.” Gulf of Mexico Science. Vol 1. Pp 107–114. © 2005 by the Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium of Alabama.]
 
(a)	State the range of the time of spawning for the male M. cavernosa.
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(1)
 
(b)	Suggest why it may be advantageous for each species of coral to spawn within a tight time frame.
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(1)

(c)	Discuss the significance of different spawning windows for different species.
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(2)
 
(d)	Scientists hypothesized that the release of the male gamete triggers a chemical signal for females to release their eggs. Discuss this hypothesis.
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(2)
 
(e)	The spawning window of D. strigosa is shown as a shaded gradient indicating a strong bias towards spawning in the early portion of the window. Suggest a reason for the spawning behaviour of D. strigosa.
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(1)
 
(f)	Define the term innate behaviour.
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)

22.	(a)	Define the term stimulus.
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(1)
 
(b)	List two stimuli and the receptors that detect them.
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(2)
 
(c)	Outline how pain is perceived and the role of endorphins in this process.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)

23.	Discuss the causes of addiction, including genetic predisposition, social factors and dopamine secretion.
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(Total 6 marks)

24.	(a)	Label the diagram of the retina below.

	[Dowling, J E, and Boycott, B B. 1966. “Organization of the primate retina: Electron microscopy”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Vol 166, issue 2. Pp 80–111. © The Royal Society.]
(2)
 
(b)	Draw an arrow on the diagram above to indicate the direction in which light is moving.
(1)

(c)	Compare the functions of rod and cone cells.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)

25.	(a)	List two examples of inhibitory psychoactive drugs.
1. ..................................................................................................................................
2. ..................................................................................................................................
(1)
 
(b)	Discuss the role of genetic predisposition and dopamine secretion in addiction.
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(4)
(Total 5 marks)

26.	Scientists studied the flight behaviour of bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) searching for artificial flowers of various sizes and colours. The search time is the time taken from leaving the first flower to landing on the second flower. The colour contrast is an arbitrary value which shows the colour contrast of the flowers with their green leaf-like type background.
The graph below shows the search time for flowers of different colours and sizes.

	[Spaethe, J, Tautz, J and Chittka, L. 2001. “Visual constraints in foraging bumblebees: Flower size and color affect search time and flight behaviour”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol 98, issue 7. Pp 3898–3903. Copyright 2001 National Academy of Sciences, USA.]
 
(a)	State the time it takes bumblebees to reach a blue flower of 15 mm diameter from another flower.
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(1)
 
(b)	State the colour of flower the bumblebees find in least time.
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(1)

(c)	Describe the effect of colour contrast on search time for the larger flowers (25 mm diameter).
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(1)
 
(d)	When searching for smaller flowers, bumblebees changed the strategies used for larger flower detection. Evaluate this hypothesis using the data.
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(3)
 
(e)	Suggest the type of behavior shown by bumblebees in this experiment and how it can affect their chances of survival.
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)

27.	(a)	Label the four parts of the ear indicated on the drawing below.

(2)
 
(b)	Discuss how the process of learning can increase chances of survival.
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(2)
 
(c)	Outline Pavlov’s experiment into conditioning of dogs.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

28.	(a)	Define the terms stimulus and reflex.
Stimulus:	................................................................................................................
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Reflex:	................................................................................................................
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(2)

(b)	Explain how excitatory psychoactive drugs affect the brain.
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)

29.	(a)	Label this diagram of the ear.
		
A.	.............................................
B.	.............................................
C.	.............................................
D.	.............................................
(2)

(b)	(i)	Define reflex.
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(1)
 
(ii)	List two inhibitory psychoactive drugs.
1. .......................................................................................................................
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(1)
(Total 4 marks)

30.	(a)	Describe an experiment investigating innate behaviour in invertebrates.
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(4)

(b)	Explain how fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) scanning can be used in investigation of how the human brain functions.
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(6)
(Total 10 marks)

31.	(a)	Label the four parts of the ear indicated on the drawing below.

(2)

(b)	Discuss how the process of learning can increase chances of survival.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)

32.	(a)	Outline two named examples illustrating the adaptive value of rhythmical behaviour patterns.
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(4)

(b)	Discuss how brain lesions and fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) scanning can be used in the identification of the brain part involved in specific functions of animals.
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(5)
(Total 9 marks)

33.	(a)	Explain the role of the neurons used in the pain withdrawal reflex.
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(3)

(b)	Distinguish between taxis and kinesis.
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(2)
 
(c)	State one effect of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on brain function.
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)

34.	Discuss the concept of brain death and the use of the pupil reflex in testing for brain death.
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(Total 6 marks)