1.	The diagram below shows the components of a reflex arc. 
(a)	State the names of the three labelled structures.

[Source: adapted from M Jones and G Jones, (1997) Advanced Biology, CUP, page 301]
(2)
 
(b)	Explain the uses of reflexes in testing for brain death.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)

2.	Which structure is responsible for passing messages directly to effector organs?

(Total 1 mark)

3.	The percentage of bacteria showing antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and other species of disease-causing bacteria has risen considerably since antibiotics were introduced. What has caused this increase?
A.	When a bacterium detects an antibiotic, it changes its metabolism so that it becomes resistant.
B.	When people do not complete courses of antibiotic, bacteria that were partly resistant become more resistant.
C.	When a bacterium is treated with an antibiotic, it increases its resistance to the antibiotic and passes on increased resistance to its offspring.
D.	When an antibiotic is used, only bacteria that are resistant to it survive and these bacteria pass on resistance to their offspring.
(Total 1 mark)

4.	Explain the role of natural selection in the development of behaviour patterns.
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(Total 6 marks)

5.	State the name of the receptors labelled below.

I.	................................................................
II.	................................................................
III.	................................................................
IV.	................................................................		
(Total 2 marks)

6.	(a)	State the class of sensory receptor that is sensitive to light.
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(1)
 
(b)	Outline the pupil reflex.
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(2)
 
(c)	Identify the following structures in the human eye.

I	.........................................................
II	.........................................................
III.	.........................................................
IV.	.........................................................
V.	.........................................................
VI.	.........................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

7.	(a)	Annotate the diagram below of the human eye.

I:	...................................................	II:	...................................................
III:	...................................................	IV:	...................................................
V:	...................................................	VI:	...................................................
VII:	...................................................	VIII:	...................................................
(4)

(b)	Explain the role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in the body, using the control of the eye to illustrate your answer.
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(6)
(Total 10 marks)

8.	(a)	State the name of each of the labelled structures I, II and III in the retina.

[Source: Adapted from A Allott, Biology for the IB Diploma, (2001), Oxford University Press, page 135]
(2)

(b)	Explain how human perception of the colour yellow would depend on the eye and the brain.
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(4)
(Total 6 marks)

9.	Compare rod and cone cells in terms of their structure and functions.
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(Total 5 marks)

10.	(a)	Label the diagram of the human ear shown below.
	
[Source: www.msjensen.gen.umn.edu/webanatomy_archive/wa_nervous/wa_ear_1.html]
A : ....................................................................
B : ....................................................................
C : ....................................................................
D : ....................................................................
(2)
 
(b)	Define the term stimulus.
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(1)

(c)	Outline the sympathetic and parasympathetic control of the heart rate.
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(4)
(Total 7 marks)

11.	The antennae of the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) are very sensitive to touch. Tapping an antenna causes a quick turning and running response.
	The figures below summarize the results of touch trials. The cockroach in Figure A is shown by a symbol in the centre to indicate orientation; the circle represents its head. The cockroach was tapped on one of its antennae and the path of the cockroach’s movement was plotted.

	The circular histogram in Figure B shows the initial angle of turn for cockroaches tapped on the left antenna. The arrow points to the mean angle of turn. Figure C shows the response time (the time between touch and actual movement) for 215 trials.

[Source: Ye and Comer, Journal of Neuroscience, (1996), 16, pages 5844–5853;ã 1996 by the Society for Neuroscience]
 
(a)	(i)	State the mean angle of turn.
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(1)
	The circular histogram in Figure B can be divided into four 90° quadrants, starting at 0°.
(ii)	Identify the quadrant which scored the lowest number of cockroach runs.
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(1)

(b)	(i)	State the response time with the greatest frequency.
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(1)
 
(ii)	State the range of response times.
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(1)
 
(iii)	Suggest one reason for the variation in response time.
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(1)
 
(c)	Using Figure A, deduce, giving a reason, which antenna was tapped.
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(1)
 
(d)	Discuss the survival value of the behaviour of cockroaches demonstrated by this investigation.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)

12.	(a)	List two types of human sensory receptors.
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(1)
 
(b)	Define the term contra lateral processing.
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(1)
 
(c)	Outline the role of hair cells in the cochlea in the processing of sound.
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)

13.	Outline Pavlov’s experiments on the conditioning of dogs.
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(Total 3 marks)

14.	To determine whether bird song is innate or learned, songs of birds raised naturally were compared with the songs of those raised in isolation. Two species, the Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana) and the Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia), were studied. The number of different songs the birds sang, the average number of syllables in the notes, the average length of the songs and the total number of notes were recorded.

[Source: Peter Marler, Anais da Academia Brasilereira de Ciências, (2004), 76 (2), pages 189–200
Adapted from Peter Marler, An Acad Bra Cienc, (2004), 76 (2), pages 189-200]
 
(a)	Calculate the difference in the number of notes per song between the normal and isolated Swamp Sparrows.
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(1)

(b)	Compare the song length of both species of sparrow.
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(2)
 
(c)	Define the term innate behaviour.
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(1)
 
(d)	Discuss whether the results for the Song Sparrow support the hypothesis that bird song is innate.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)

15.	Explain how pre-synaptic neurons can either encourage or inhibit post-synaptic transmission.
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(Total 6 marks)

16.	Explain the effects of excitatory psychoactive drugs using two named examples.
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(Total 6 marks)

17.	Explain, using examples, how inhibitory psychoactive drugs affect brain physiology.
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(Total 6 marks)

18.	(a)	(i)	List two examples of excitatory psychoactive drugs.
1. .......................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................
(1)
 
(ii)	State one behavioural effect of THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol).
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(1)
 
(b)	Discuss the role of genetic predisposition and dopamine secretion in addiction.
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(4)
(Total 6 marks)

19.	(a)	In the diagram of the brain below identify the name of the structures labelled I to V.

[Source: Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator, Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License 2006]
(2)

(b)	Explain how a presynaptic neuron can inhibit a postsynaptic neuron.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)

20.	Annotate the diagram of the human brain to label the parts shown.

[Source: Glenn and Susan Toole, (1995) Understanding Biology for Advanced Level,
Third edition, Page 539, Stanley Thornes]
(Total 3 marks)

21.	Describe the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on the control of the heart and the iris of the eye.
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(Total 6 marks)

22.	(a)	State one function of the
(i)	medulla oblongata.
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(1)
(ii)	cerebellum.
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(1)

(b)	Outline one spinal reflex.
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(3)
 
(c)	Discuss how the pupil reflex is used to test for brain death.
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(2)
(Total 7marks)

23.	(a)	Define the term imprinting.
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(1)

(b)	Describe how honey bees show social organization.
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(2)
 
(c)	Explain, with reference to one example, the role of altruistic behaviour in social organizations.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)

24.	(a)	Explain how natural selection affects the development of behaviour.
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(2)

(b)	Define the term operant conditioning.
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(1)
 
(c)	List three examples of animals that show social behaviour.
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(1)
 
(d)	Discuss how learning improves the chances of survival.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

25.	Discuss the evolution of altruistic behaviour in a non-human species.
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(Total 6 marks)